A list of 185 threatened elasmobranchs generated from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 19/11/03

NE = Not evaluated, DD = Data deficient, LC = Least concern, NT = Near threatened, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, CR = Critically endangered, EW = Extinct in the wild, EX = Extinct.  

A full description of designations is given below the table.

 Current population trends (where = improving, = deteriorating, = stable and = uncertain or don't know, while a blank indicates that this has not been looked at yet). Note that there are no species showing improvement.

#

[Scientific Name]

Common Name(s)

Red List designation

Trend

1

Aetobatus narinari

SPOTTED EAGLE RAY (E)

DD

2

Aetomylaeus nichofii

BANDED EAGLE RAY (E)

VU A2d+3d+4d   

3

Alopias vulpinus

THRESHER SHARK (E)

DD   

4

Anoxypristis cuspidata

KNIFETOOTH SAWFISH (E)

EN A1acde+2cde   

5

Apristurus albisoma

WHITISH CATSHARK (E)

NT   

6

Apristurus sp. nov. A

FRECKLED CATSHARK (E)

DD   

7

Apristurus sp. nov. B

BIGFIN CATSHARK (E)

DD   

8

Apristurus sp. nov. C

FLESHYNOSE CATSHARK (E)

DD   

9

Apristurus sp. nov. D

ROUGHSKIN CATSHARK (E)

DD   

10

Apristurus sp. nov. E

BULLDOG CATSHARK (E)

DD  

11

Apristurus sp. nov. F

BIGHEAD CATSHARK (E)

DD   

12

Apristurus sp. nov. G

PINOCCHIO CATSHARK (E)

DD   

13

Asymbolus analis

AUSTRALIAN SPOTTED CATSHARK (E)
GREY SPOTTED CATSHARK (E)
SPOTTED DOGFISH (E)

DD   

14

Asymbolus funebris

BLOTCHED CATSHARK (E)

DD   

15

Atelomycterus marmoratus

CORAL CATSHARK (E)
CHIEN CORAIL (F)
PINTARROJIA (S)

NT   

16

Aulohalaelurus kanakorum

NEW CALEDONIA CATSHARK (E)

VU B1ab(iii)   

17

Bathyraja abyssicola

DEEPSEA SKATE (E)

DD   

18

Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides

GRACEFUL SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

19

Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos

GRAY REEF SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

20

Carcharhinus amboinensis

JAVA SHARK (E)
PIGEYE SHARK (E)

DD   

21

Carcharhinus borneensis

BORNEO SHARK (E)

EN C2b   

22

Carcharhinus brachyurus

BRONZE WHALER (E)
COCKTAIL SHARK (E)
COPPER SHARK (E)
NARROWTOOTH SHARK (E)
NEW ZEALAND WHALER (E)
REQUIN CUIVRE (F)
BACOTA (S)
JAQUETON DEL ESTRECHO (S)
TIBURÓN COBRIZO (S)

NT   

23

Carcharhinus brevipinna

SPINNER SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

24

Carcharhinus cautus

NERVOUS SHARK (E)

DD   

25

Carcharhinus dussumieri

WHITECHEEK SHARK (E)
WIDEMOUTH BLACKSPOT SHARK (E)

NT   

26

Carcharhinus galapagensis

GALAPAGOS SHARK (E)

NT   

27

Carcharhinus hemiodon

PONDICHERRY SHARK (E)

CR A2acd; C2a(i)   

28

Carcharhinus leiodon

SMOOTHTOOTH BLACKTIP (E)

VU B1+2c, C2b   

29

Carcharhinus leucas

BULL SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

30

Carcharhinus limbatus

BLACKTIP SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

31

Carcharhinus longimanus

OCEANIC WHITETIP SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

32

Carcharhinus macloti

HARDNOSE SHARK (E)

NT   

33

Carcharhinus melanopterus

BLACKTIP REEF SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

34

Carcharhinus obscurus

DUSKY SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

35

Carcharhinus plumbeus

SANDBAR SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

36

Carcharhinus sealei

BLACKSPOT SHARK (E)
REQUIN À TACHE NOIR (F)
TIBURÓN ALINEGRO (S)

NT   

37

Carcharias taurus

GREY NURSE SHARK (E)
SAND TIGER SHARK (E)
REQUIN TAUREAU (F)
TORO BACOTA (S)

VU A1ab+2d   

38

Carcharodon carcharias

GREAT WHITE SHARK (E)

VU A1cd+2cd   

39

Centrophorus granulosus

GULPER SHARK (E)

VU A1abd+2d   

40

Centrophorus harrissoni

DUMB GULPER SHARK (E)
DUMB SHARK (E)
HARRISON ’S DEEPSEA DOGFISH (E)
HARRISON ’S DOGFISH (E)

CR A2bd+3d+4bd   

41

Centrophorus moluccensis

ENDEAVOUR DOGFISH (E)
SMALLFIN GULPER SHARK (E)

DD   

42

Centrophorus niaukang

QUELVACHO CHINO (E)
TAIWAN GULPER SHARK (E)
SQUALE-CHAGRIN GUELVACHO (F)

NT   

43

Centrophorus squamosus

DEEPWATER SPINY DOGFISH (E)
LEAFSCALE GULPER SHARK (E)
NILSON’S DEEPSEA DOGFISH (E)
SQUALE-CHAGRIN DE L’ATLANTIQUE (F)
QUELVACHO NEGRO (S)

VU A2bd+3bd+4bd

44

Centrophorus uyato

LITTLE GULPER SHARK (E)
SOUTHERN DOGFISH (E)

DD   

45

Centroscyllium kamoharai

BARESKIN DOGFISH (E)
JELLY SHARK (E)
AIGUILLAT LISSE (F)
TOLLO NEGRO LISO (S)

DD   

46

Centroscymnus coelolepis

PORTUGUESE DOGFISH (E)

NT   

47

Centroscymnus plunketi

PLUNKET’S DOGFISH (E)
PLUNKET’S SHARK (E)
WAITE’S DOGFISH (E)

NT   

48

Cephaloscyllium fasciatum

RETICULATE SWELL SHARK (E)
RETICULATED SWELLSHARK (E)
HOLBICHE BOUFFIE (F)
PEJEGATO MALLERO (S)

DD   

49

Cephaloscyllium sp. nov. A

DRAUGHTBOARD SHARK (E)
SWELL SHARK (E)
WHITEFIN SWELL SHARK (E)

NT   

50

Cephaloscyllium sp. nov. B

SADDLED SWELL SHARK (E)

DD   

51

Cephaloscyllium sp. nov. C

NORTHERN DRAUGHTBOARD SHARK (E)

NT   

52

Cephaloscyllium sp. nov. D

NARROWBAR SWELL SHARK (E)

DD   

53

Cephaloscyllium sp. nov. E

SPECKLED SWELL SHARK (E)

DD   

54

Cetorhinus maximus

BASKING SHARK (E)
PELERIN (F)
PEREGRINO (S)

VU A1ad+2d   

55

Chiloscyllium griseum

GREY BAMBOO SHARK (E)
REQUIN-CHABOT GRIS (F)
BAMBOA GRIS (S)

NT   

56

Chiloscyllium indicum

CATSHARK (E)
FROG SHARK (E)
NURSE SHARK (E)
RIDGE BACK SHARK (E)
RIDGEBACK CATSHARK (E)
RIDGEBACKED BAMBOO SHARK (E)
SLENDER BAMBOO SHARK (E)
STONE SHARK (E)
TIME TELLER SHARK (E)
REQUIN-CHABOT ÉLÉGANT (F)
BAMBOA ELEGANTE (S)

NT   

57

Chiloscyllium punctatum

BROWN-SPOTTED CATSHARK (E)
BROWNBANDED BAMBOO SHARK (E)
GREY CARPET SHARK (E)
SPOTTED CATSHARK (E)

NT   

58

Chlamydoselachus anguineus

FRILLED SHARK (E)
LIZARD SHARK (E)
SCAFFOLD SHARK (E)

NT   

59

Cirrhihaleus barbifer

MANDARIN SHARK (E)
SQUALE MOUSTACHE (F)
TOLLO MANDARIN (S)

NT   

60

Dalatias licha

KITEFIN SHARK (E)

DD   

61

Dasyatis fluviorum

BROWN STINGRAY (E)
ESTUARY STINGAREE (E)
ESTUARY STINGRAY (E)

VU A2bcd+3cd+4bcd   

62

Dasyatis garouaensis

NIGER STINGRAY (E)
SMOOTH FRESHWATER STINGRAY (E)

VU B1+2cde, C2b   

63

Dasyatis laosensis

MEKONG FRESHWATER STINGRAY (E)

EN A1cde+2cde, B1+2ce   

64

Dipturus batis

COMMON SKATE (E)

EN A1abcd+2bcd   

65

Dipturus binoculata

BIG SKATE (E)

LR/nt   

66

Dipturus innominatus

SMOOTH SKATE (E)

NT   

67

Dipturus laevis

BARNDOOR SKATE (E)

EN A1bcd   

68

Echinorhinus brucus

BRAMBLE SHARK (E)
SPINOUS SHARK (E)
SPINY SHARK (E)

DD   

69

Echinorhinus cookei

PRICKLY SHARK (E)
SPINOUS SHARK (E)

NT   

70

Eucrossorhinus dasypogon

TASSELED WOBBEGONG (E)

NT   

71

Eusphyra blochii

SLENDER HAMMERHEAD (E)
WINGHEAD SHARK (E)

NT   

72

Galeocerdo cuvier

TIGER SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

73

Galeorhinus galeus

SCHOOL SHARK (E)
TOPE SHARK (E)

VU A1bd   

74

Galeus gracilis

SLENDER SAWTAIL SHARK (E)

DD   

75

Galeus sp. nov. B

NORTHERN SAWTAIL SHARK (E)

DD   

76

Glyphis gangeticus

GANGES SHARK (E)

CR A1cde+2cde, C2b   

77

Glyphis glyphis

SPEARTOOTH SHARK (E)

EN C2a   

78

Glyphis sp. nov. A

BIZANT RIVER SHARK (E)

CR Ca2(i)   

79

Glyphis sp. nov. C

NEW GUINEA RIVER SHARK (E)
NORTHERN RIVER SHARK (E)

CR C2a(i)   

80

Gogolia filewoodi

SAILBACK HOUNDSHARK (E)

DD   

81

Halaelurus dawsoni

DAWSON ’S CAT SHARK (E)
NEW ZEALAND CATSHARK (E)

DD   

82

Halaelurus sp. nov. A

DUSKY CATSHARK (E)

DD   

83

Haploblepharus edwardsii

PUFFADDER SHYSHARK (E)

LR/nt   

84

Haploblepharus fuscus

BROWN SHYSHARK (E)

LR/nt   

85

Hemipristis elongatus

FOSSIL SHARK (E)
SNAGGLETOOTH SHARK (E)
MILANDRE CHICOR (F)
COMADREJA SOBREDIENTE (S)

VU A2bd+3bd+4bd   

86

Hemiscyllium freycineti

FREYCINET’S EPAULETTE SHARK (E)
INDONESIAN SPECKLED CARPET SHARK (E)

NT   

87

Hemiscyllium hallstromi

PAPUAN EPAULETTE SHARK (E)

VU B1ab(iii)   

88

Hemiscyllium strahani

HOODED CARPET SHARK (E)

VU B1ab(iii)   

89

Hemitriakis abdita

DARKSNOUT HOUND SHARK (E)
DEEPWATER SICKLEFIN HOUND SHARK (E)

DD   

90

Hemitriakis leucoperiptera

WHITEFIN TOPESHARK (E)

EN B1+2ce, C2b   

91

Heptranchias perlo

ONE-FINNED SHARK (E)
PERLON SHARK (E)
SEVENGILL COW SHARK (E)
SHARPNOSE SEVENGILL SHARK (E)
SHARPSNOUTED SEVENGILL (E)
SLENDER SEVENGILL (E)

NT   

92

Heteroscyllium colcloughi

BLUEGRAY CARPETSHARK (E)

VU C2b   

93

Hexanchus griseus

BLUNTNOSE SIXGILL SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

94

Himantura chaophraya

GIANT FRESHWATER STINGRAY (E)

VU A1bcde+2ce   

95

Himantura fluviatilis

GANGES STINGRAY (E)

EN A1cde+2cde, B1+2c   

96

Himantura oxyrhynchus

MARBLED FRESHWATER STINGRAY (E)

EN B1+2c   

97

Himantura signifer

WHITE-EDGE FRESHWATER WHIPRAY (E)

EN B1+2c   

98

Hypogaleus hyugaensis

BLACKTIP TOPESHARK (E)

LR/nt   

99

Isurus oxyrinchus

SHORTFIN MAKO (E)

LR/nt   

100

Lamna ditropis

SALMON SHARK (E)

DD   

101

Lamna nasus

PORBEAGLE (E)

LR/nt   

102

Leptocharias smithii

BARBELED HOUNDSHARK (E)

LR/nt   

103

Manta birostris

MANTA RAY (E)

DD   

104

Megachasma pelagios

MEGAMOUTH SHARK (E)

DD   

105

Mobula eregoodootenkee

PYGMY DEVILRAY (E)

NT   

106

Mobula japanica

JAPANESE DEVILRAY (E)
MANTE AGUILLAT (F)
MANTE DE AGUIJÓN (S)

NT   

107

Mobula mobular

DEVIL FISH (E)
GIANT DEVILRAY (E)

VU A1cd   

108

Mustelus canis

DUSKY SMOOTHHOUND (E)

LR/nt   

109

Nebrius ferrugineus

TAWNY NURSE SHARK (E)

VU A2abcd+3cd+4abcd   

110

Negaprion acutidens

SHARPTOOTH LEMON SHARK (E)

VU A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd   

111

Negaprion brevirostris

LEMON SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

112

Notorynchus cepedianus

BROADNOSE SEVENGILL SHARK (E)

DD   

113

Odontaspis ferox

HERBST’S NURSE SHARK (E)
RAGGED-TOOTH SHARK (E)
SMALLTOOTH SAND TIGER SHARK (E)

DD   

114

Odontaspis noronhai

BIGEYE SAND TIGER (E)
REQUIN NORONHAI (F)
SOLRAYO OJIGRANDE (S)

DD   

115

Orectolobus maculatus

SPOTTED WOBBEGONG (E)
WOBBEGONG (E)

NT   

116

Orectolobus ornatus

BANDED WOBBEGONG (E)
CARPET SHARK (E)
GULF WOBBEGONG (E)
ORNATE WOBBEGONG (E)

NT   

117

Oxynotus bruniensis

PRICKLY DOGFISH (E)

DD   

118

Parascyllium sparsimaculatum

GINGER CARPET SHARK (E)

DD   

119

Parmaturus macmillani

MCMILLAN’S CATSHARK (E)

DD   

120

Parmaturus sp. nov. A

SHORT-TAIL SHARK (E)

DD   

121

Poroderma africanum

PYJAMA SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

122

Potamotrygon brachyura

SHORTTAILED RIVER STINGRAY (E)

DD   

123

Potamotrygon henlei

TOCANTINS RIVER RAY (E)

DD   

124

Potamotrygon leopoldi

XINGU RIVER RAY (E)

DD   

125

Potamotrygon motoro

OCELLATE RIVER STINGRAY (E)

DD   

126

Potamotrygon pauckei

BLACK RIVER STINGRAY (E)

DD   

127

Prionace glauca

BLUE SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

128

Pristiophorus sp. nov. A

EASTERN SAWSHARK (E)

NT   

129

Pristis clavata

DWARF SAWFISH (E)
QUEENSLAND SAWFISH (E)

EN A1acd+2cd   

130

Pristis microdon

FRESHWATER SAWFISH (E)

EN A1bcde+2bcde

131

Pristis pectinata

SMALLTOOTH SAWFISH (E)
WIDE SAWFISH (E)

EN A1bcd+2cd   

132

Pristis perotteti

LARGETOOTH SAWFISH (E)

CR A1abc+2cd   

133

Pristis pristis

COMMON SAWFISH (E)

CR A1abc+2cd   

134

Pristis zijsron

GREEN SAWFISH (E)

EN A1bcd+2cd   

135

Pseudocarcharias kamoharai

CROCODILE SHARK (E)
REQUIN CROCODILE (F)
TIBURÓN COCODRILO (S)

LR/nt   

136

Raja clavata

THORNBACK SKATE (E)

LR/nt   

137

Raja microocellata

SMALLEYED RAY (E)

LR/nt   

138

Raja polyommata

ARGUS SKATE (E)

DD   

139

Raja sp. L

MAUGEAN SKATE (E)
PORT DAVEY SKATE (E)

EN B1+2c   

140

Rhina ancylostoma

BOWMOUTH GUITARFISH (E)
MUD SKATE (E)
SHARK RAY (E)

VU A2bd+3bd+4bd  

141

Rhincodon typus

WHALE SHARK (E)
REQUIN BALEINE (F)
TIBURÓN BALLENA (S)

VU A1bd+2d

142

Rhinobatos horkelii

BRAZILIAN GUITARFISH (E)

CR A1bd+2bd

143

Rhinobatos typus

COMMON SHOVELNOSE RAY (E)
GIANT SHOVELNOSE RAY (E)

VU A2bd+3bd+4bd   

144

Rhynchobatus australiae

WHITE-SPOTTED GUITARFISH (E)
WHITE-SPOTTED WEDGEFISH (E)

VU A2bd+3bd+4bd  

145

Rhynchobatus djiddensis

WHITESPOT GIANT GUITARFISH (E)

VU A1bd+2d   

146

Rhynchobatus laevis

SMOOTHNOSE WEDGEFISH (E)

VU A2bd+3bd+4bd  

147

Schroederichthys bivius

NARROWMOUTH CATSHARK (E)

DD  

148

Scoliodon laticaudus

SPADENOSE SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

149

Scyliorhinus capensis

YELLOWSPOTTED CATSHARK (E)

LR/nt   

150

Scylliogaleus quecketti

FLAPNOSE HOUNDSHARK (E)

VU B1+2c, C2b   

151

Scymnodalatias albicauda

WHITETAIL DOGFISH (E)

DD   

152

Scymnodalatias sherwoodi

SHERWOOD DOGFISH (E)

DD   

153

Somniosus antarcticus

SOUTHERN SLEEPER SHARK (E)
WHITELY’S SLEEPER SHARK (E)

DD   

154

Sphyrna lewini

SCALLOPED HAMMERHEAD (E)

LR/nt   

155

Sphyrna mokarran

GREAT HAMMERHEAD (E)

DD   

156

Sphyrna zygaena

SMOOTH HAMMERHEAD (E)

LR/nt   

157

Squalus acanthias

PIKED DOGFISH (E)
SPINY DOGFISH (E)

LR/nt   

158

Squalus megalops

COSMOPOLITAN SPURDOG (E)
PIKED SPURDOG (E)
SHORTNOSE SPURDOG (E)
AIGUILLAT NEZ COURT (F)
GALLUDO NATO (S)

DD   

159

Squalus mitsukurii

GREEN-EYE SPURDOG (E)
SHORTSPINE SPURDOG (E)
AIGUILLAT ÉPINETTE (F)
GALLUDO ESPINILLA (S)

DD  

160

Squalus rancureli

CYRANO SPURDOG (E)
AIGUILLAT CYRANO (F)
GALLUDO CIRANO (S)

NT   

161

Squalus sp. nov. A

BARTAIL SPURDOG (E)

DD   

162

Squalus sp. nov. B

EASTERN HIGHFIN SPURDOG (E)

DD   

163

Squalus sp. nov. C

WESTERN HIGHFIN SPURDOG (E)

DD   

164

Squalus sp. nov. D

FATSPINE SPURDOG (E)

DD   

165

Squalus sp. nov. E

WESTERN LONGNOSE SPURDOG (E)

DD   

166

Squalus sp. nov. F

EASTERN LONGNOSE SPURDOG (E)

DD   

167

Squatina argentina

ARGENTINE ANGEL SHARK (E)

DD   

168

Squatina californica

PACIFIC ANGEL SHARK (E)

LR/nt  

169

Squatina guggenheim

ANGULAR ANGEL SHARK (E)

VU A1bd+A2d   

170

Squatina occulta

SMOOTHBACK ANGEL SHARK (E)

EN A1abd+A2d   

171

Squatina sp. nov. A

EASTERN ANGEL SHARK (E)

VU A2bd   

172

Squatina sp. nov. B

WESTERN ANGEL SHARK (E)

DD   

173

Squatina squatina

ANGEL SHARK (E)

VU A1abcd+A2d   

174

Stegostoma fasciatum

LEOPARD SHARK (E)
ZEBRA SHARK (E)

VU A2abcd+3cd+4abcd   

175

Taeniura lymma

BLUE-SPOTTED STINGRAY (E)
BLUESPOTTED RIBBONTAIL RAY (E)

LR/nt   

176

Torpedo fairchildi

CRAMPFISH (E)
ELECTRIC RAY (E)
ELECTRIC SKATE (E)
FAIRCHILD’S ELECTRIC RAY (E)
NEW ZEALAND ELECTRIC RAY (E)
NEW ZEALAND TORPEDO RAY (E)
NUMBFISH (E)
TORPEDO RAY (E)

DD   

177

Triaenodon obesus

WHITETIP REEF SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

178

Triakis acutipinna

SHARPFIN HOUNDSHARK (E)

VU C2b   

179

Triakis megalopterus

SPOTTED GULLY SHARK (E)

LR/nt   

180

Triakis semifasciata

LEOPARD SHARK (E)

LR/cd   

181

Typhlonarke aysoni

BLIND ELECTRIC RAY (E)
BLIND LEGGED TORPEDO (E)
ROUND ELECTRIC RAY (E)

DD   

182

Typhlonarke tarakea

BLIND ELECTRIC RAY (E)
OVAL ELECTRIC RAY (E)

DD   

183

Urogymnus asperrimus

PORCUPINE RAY (E)

VU A1bd, B1+2bcd   

184

Urogymnus ukpam

PINCUSHION RAY (E)

EN B1+2abcd  

185

Urolophus sp. nov. A

KAPALA STINGAREE (E)

NT   

THE CATEGORIES

EXTINCT (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.

EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

ENDANGERED (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

VULNERABLE (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

NEAR THREATENED (NT)
A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.

LEAST CONCERN (LC)
A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.

DATA DEFICIENT (DD)
A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified.

NOT EVALUATED (NE)
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

Note: As in previous IUCN categories, the abbreviation of each category (in parenthesis) follows the English denominations when translated into other languages (see Annex 2).

V. THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild:

A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 90% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:

1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three years or one generation, whichever is

longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b):

(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:

(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 mature individuals, OR

(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one subpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 70% over the last 10 years

or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible

AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:

(a) direct observation

(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon

(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation

(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.

2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 50% over the last 10 years

or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have

ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a)

to (e) under A1.

 

3. A population size reduction of 50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years

or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying)

any of (b) to (e) under A1.

 

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of 50% over any 10

year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future),

where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its

causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and

specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:

1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km², and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations.

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy

(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat

(iv) number of locations or subpopulations

(v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy

(iii) number of locations or subpopulations

(iv) number of mature individuals.

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km², and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations.

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy

(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat

(iv) number of locations or subpopulations

(v) number of mature individuals.

C. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy

(iii) number of locations or subpopulations

(iv) number of mature individuals.

C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 mature individuals and either:

1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five years or two generations, whichever is

longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one

of the following (a-b):

(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:

(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals, OR

(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one subpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 50% over the last 10 years

or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are: clearly reversible

AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:

(a) direct observation

(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon

(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation

(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.

2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 30% over the last 10 years

or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not

have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying)

any of (a) to (e) under A1.

 

3. A population size reduction of 30%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years

or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and

specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

 

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of 30% over any 10

year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where

the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not

have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to

(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:

1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km², and estimates indicating at least

two of a-c:

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations.

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy

(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat

(iv) number of locations or subpopulations

(v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy

(iii) number of locations or subpopulations

(iv) number of mature individuals.

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km², and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations.

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy

(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat

(iv) number of locations or subpopulations

(v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy

(iii) number of locations or subpopulations

(iv) number of mature individuals.

C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and either:

1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is

longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR

 

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least

one of the following (a-b):

(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:

(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1000 mature individuals, OR

(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the following:

1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature individuals.

 

2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically less than 20 km²) or number of locations

(typically five or fewer) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or

stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future, and is thus capable

of becoming Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.